Marjoni Imamora Ali Umar, Dewi Sahara, Fadhilah Fadhilah, Abang Anuar Ehsan, Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff, Mohd Yusri Abd Rahman, Vivi Fauzia, Atiek Rostika Noviyanti, Dahyunir Dahlan, Setia Budi, Akrajas Ali Umar
The inherent vulnerability of ambient-processed CsFAMAPbX3 perovskite solar cells to humidity has long presented a significant challenge. Incorporating lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) into the CsFAMAPbX3 perovskite lattice markedly improves its processability under ambient conditions with up to 60% relative humidity. Investigation reveals that Li-TFSI facilitates improved bulk structure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties in the resulting perovskite film. Specifically, Li-TFSI dissociation into Li+ and TFSI− ions enhances crystallinity and grain size, leading to faceted grains with a smoother surface topology conducive to interfacial coupling and charge transfer. This passivation effect enables perovskite solar cell fabrication under ambient conditions. Furthermore, Li-TFSI doping reduces the optical band edge, expanding spectral response, and mitigates defect density, all critical factors for ambient processing. Resulting Li-TFSI-doped CsFAMAPbX3 perovskite solar cells (0.1 cm2 active area) exhibit power conversion efficiencies reaching 21.24%, with a short-circuit current density of 25.2 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 1.11 V, and a fill factor of 75.68%. This represents a 22.3% improvement over pristine devices, which attain maximum efficiencies of approximately 17.37% with corresponding parameters of 23.1 mA/cm2, 1.09 V, and 69.09%, respectively. The champion device maintained 91.8% of its original efficiency following 27 days of storage in an N₂ atmosphere. The integration of Li-TFSI demonstrates substantial promise for ambient-processed CsFAMAPbX3 perovskite solar cells. © The Author(s) 2025.
Physics Education Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah, Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus, West Sumatera, Batusangkar, 27211, Indonesia; Insitute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Depok, 16424, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur, 13220, Indonesia; Nickel Research Institute, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kendari, South East Sulawesi, Kendari, 93117, Indonesia
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