Sri Kuswantono Wongsonadi, Robert Kurniawan, Arya Candra Kusuma, Hikmah, Nararia Hutama Putra, Prana Ugiana Gio, Sisean Baga, Ricky Yordani
Due to its health and productivity effects, home drinking water is a global issue. Despite being a critical sustainable development aim, Indonesian families have not received specialized attention for improved drinking water sources. This issue demands identifying regions at risk of restricted access to better household drinking water. Regional variables and socioeconomic and demographic considerations affect this vulnerability. This study analyze socio-economic and demographic clusters of vulnerable Indonesian home drinking water sources. This study analyze Indonesia's 2019 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) data using fuzzy geographically weighted clustering (FGWC) with ABC optimization. The result shows that the partition (SC) index and goal function classified Indonesia's regencies and cities into four clusters. Significant disparities in home drinking water source characteristics were detected among these clusters. The data also show how Indonesian clusters are physically dispersed differently. This research should help focus and implement household drinking water programs that take regional differences into account. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd.
Department of Community Education, Faculty of Education, State University of Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta, 13220, Indonesia; Department of Statistical Computing, Politeknik Statistika STIS, Bidaracina, Jakarta, 13330, Indonesia; BPS-Statistics Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Jakarta Pusat, 10710, Indonesia; Department of Population and Environmental Education, Faculty of Post-Graduate, State University of Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta, 13220, Indonesia; Department of Mathematics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia
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