Syahrizal Kautsar, Rezzy Eko Caraka, Robert Kurniawan, Khairunnisa Supardi, Prana Ugiana Gio, Maria A. Hasiholan Siallagan, Sri Kuswantono Wongsonadi, Bens Pardamean
Environmental health degradation continues to pose serious threats to human well-being, driven by intricate interplays among social, economic, and environmental determinants. West Java, Indonesia, exemplifies this crisis as a region burdened by severe air pollution and the highest incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the country. This study investigates how key indicators across the three pillars of sustainable development contribute to air pollution levels and TB case in the region. Utilizing a Gaussian Bayesian Network model with data from satellite imagery and official statistics, we unravel the probabilistic and causal interconnections among variables such as industrial output, income level, private vehicle ownership, wind speed, ambient temperature, and population density also air pollutions and TB case. Our findings reveal that air pollutants—specifically NO2 and PM2.5—are primarily driven by industrial activity, number of private motor vehicles, and population density, which in turn have both direct and mediated effects on TB incidence. Through policy simulation scenarios, we demonstrate that coordinated and moderate reductions in industrial emissions, vehicle density, and population density can lead to measurable improvements in air quality and public health outcomes. These insights offer evidence-based pathways to inform integrated environmental and health policy for sustainable urban development. © The Author(s) 2025.
Engineers Profession Program, Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia; School of Economics and Business, Telkom University, Bandung, 40257, Indonesia; Research Center for Data and Information Sciences, Research Organization for Electronics and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, 40135, Indonesia; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Greather Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Mathematics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Department of Community Education, Faculty of Education, State University of Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta, 13220, Indonesia; BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Computer Science Program, Computer Science Department, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia; Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
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