Abdhy Gazali, Anang Wirdianto, Aminullah Aminullah, Anisah Anisah, Refia Alaida, Lintang Tirta Sari
Waiting-type non-physical waste remains a common issue in construction projects, yet prior studies have mainly focused on identifying its causes rather than measuring its impact on schedule performance. Limited research has examined how waiting relates to activity-level schedule characteristics in Lean Construction practices. This study investigates how waiting-type non-physical waste contributes to schedule deviation in Indonesian building construction projects. A descriptive–quantitative approach was applied using data from four projects implementing the Last Planner System (LPS). Waiting events were identified and classified at the activity level using operational indicators derived from Lean Construction literature and LPS documentation. Schedule deviation attributable to waiting was then analyzed using a CPM-based approach incorporating activity duration and slack. The results show that labor shortages were the most frequent cause of waiting, followed by unprepared work areas and material shortages. However, waiting frequency did not directly correspond to schedule impact. Waiting affecting activities with limited slack contributed disproportionately to deviation, while shorter-duration activities showed higher proportional delays and longer-duration activities accumulated greater absolute delays. These findings highlight that waiting impacts should be assessed not only by frequency, but also by activity characteristics and schedule structure. © 2026, International Group for Lean Construction. All rights reserved.
Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta, Indonesia; Transformation & Information Technology Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia
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