Angga Hermawan, Anggita Putri Yasin, Evan Fajri Mulia Harahap, Ni Luh Wulan Septiani, Andri Hardiansyah, Jayadi, Mehmood Shahid, Muhammad Salman Al Farisi, Brian Yuliarto
Accurate detection of dopamine (DA) is vital for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological disorders, but developing electrochemical sensors that combine high sensitivity, selectivity, and scalability remains a persistent challenge. We report a molten salt–assisted synthesis strategy for engineering nickel–iron oxide (NiFeOx) nanostructures tailored for non-enzymatic dopamine detection. By employing KNO3 and KOH as molten salt fluxes, we successfully transformed hydrothermally prepared Ni0.75Fe0.25OOH precursors into hierarchical nanoflowers and nanosheets, respectively. Structural and surface characterizations confirmed that molten salt treatment significantly enhanced porosity, electroactive surface area, and charge transfer characteristics. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the KNO3-derived NiFeOx nanoflowers delivered excellent sensing performance, achieving a sensitivity of 1.72 μA cm−2 μM−1, a detection limit of 1.4 μM, and a quantification limit of 5.68 μM. The sensor also demonstrated high selectivity against common interferents (ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid) and reliable performance in real sample analysis with 97.6–103.5% recovery and 1.7–2.5% RSD. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of molten salt synthesis as a scalable route for tuning NiFeOx nanoarchitectures and optimizing their electrochemical functionality. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Research Center for Nanotechnology System, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang City, Banten, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jalan Rawamangun Muka 13220, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Center for Electronic, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang City, Banten, 15314, Indonesia; Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies (LIMSET), University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco; Department of Biomedical Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, 731-3194, Japan; Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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