Rizky Nurulfa, Aija Klavina, Csaba Melczer
Objectives: This study aimed to compare cognitive ability, physical (motor proficiency and fitness), and psychosocial (depressive symptoms and quality of life) outcomes between adolescents participating in extracurricular sports (ES) and non-sports (NS) and to examine predictors of problematic Internet use (PIU). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 433 Indonesian adolescents (ES=239, 49.0% males; NS=194, 52.1% males). Standardized measures included the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale for PIU, Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices for cognitive ability, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test-2 for motor proficiency, the Indonesian Student Physical Fitness Test, the Youth Quality of Life–Short Form for quality of life, and the Patient Health Questionnaire–Adolescent Version for depression. Group differences were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Spearman’s correlations were used to assess associations between variables, and linear regression was used to identify predictors of PIU. Results: ES adolescents showed significantly higher cognitive ability, motor proficiency, physical fitness, and quality of life and lower PIU and depressive symptoms than the NS groups (all p<0.001). PIU positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with motor proficiency, physical fitness, cognitive ability, and quality of life. The regression analyses identified depression as a strong positive predictor of PIU, whereas cognitive ability, motor proficiency, physical fitness, and quality of life were significant negative predictors, explaining the substantial variance in PIU. Conclusion: Adolescents participating in ES demonstrated higher cognitive, physical (motor proficiency and fitness), and psychosocial outcomes (depressive symptoms and quality of life) than NS participants. Depression was positively associated with PIU, whereas motor proficiency, fitness, cognitive ability, and quality of life were inversely associated with PIU. © 2026 Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Doctoral Programme of Health Care (Sport Science), Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Doctoral School of Health Science, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Faculty of Sports Science and Health, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; Laboratory of Sports and Nutrition Research, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Klaipėda State College, Higher Education Institution, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Instritute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre Physical Activity Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Complex Sport Performance Diagnostic and Physiotherapy Research Institute, University of Pécs Faculty of Health Sciences, Pecs, Hungary
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