Kaniz Farhana, Abu Shadate Faisal Mahamude, Wan Sharuzi Wan Harun, Rajan Jose, Jarin Anan, Jarjis Amin
Interest in investigating innovative technologies for generating alternative energy instead of fossil fuels has increased in response to greenhouse gas emissions and energy security. In this regard, seawater is an invaluable and ecologically friendly resource for the generation of alternative energy. Therefore, there has been a significant surge in investigations concerning hydrogen production via seawater splitting over the past few years. The primary goal of this study is to provide an overview of the hydrogen energy production and conversion systems utilising seawater powered by abundant sunlight and wind. This review describes the fundamentals, practical uses, and significant discoveries of various technologies that are currently in use, including photoelectrochemical processes, seawater vapor electrolysis, hydrogen from black seawater, hydrolysis of metals in seawater, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and the energy and equipment to produce hydrogen. This review illustrates how H–O chemical bonds have been broken and how H–H and O–O chemical bonds are formed at a photocatalyst surface; in condensed matter, within a very short time scale, and how charge separation is simulated via theoretical calculations. Finally, a systematic structure of the hydrogen production process called the Wind and Solar Offshore (WSOS) system is proposed and theoretically designed to collect and store seawater efficiently, as well as to extract hydrogen energy from it. © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh; College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Gambang, 26300, Malaysia; Centre For Automotive Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, 76100, Malaysia; Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia; Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta, 13220, Indonesia
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