Gusti Yarmi
This study aims to develop a structured writing instruction model for primary schools in Indonesia by integrating Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach to enhance students’ literacy competence. Recognizing that literacy development is shaped by multifactorial and hierarchical influences, the research employs a systems-based methodology to identify, structure, and analyze the interrelationships among key educational variables. The study utilized expert judgment to construct a Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM), followed by the generation of the Initial and Final Reachability Matrices (IRM and FRM) to establish a four-level ISM hierarchy. DEMATEL was then applied to quantify the direct and indirect influence among the factors, resulting in a cause-effect diagram that classified each variable as a driver, mediator, or outcome. The findings indicate that foundational elements—such as policy support, curriculum alignment, and teacher training—serve as primary causal factors that influence mid-level instructional processes and ultimately shape student literacy outcomes. The integration of ISM and DEMATEL provides a unique methodological contribution, combining structural depth with analytical precision. This dual approach enables educators and policymakers to not only understand which factors matter, but also how strongly they influence the system. The originality of this study lies in its synthesis of two decision-support methods to develop a practical, scalable, and evidence-based model of writing instruction tailored to the Indonesian primary education context. This research contributes to the field of educational systems design and literacy pedagogy by offering a theoretically grounded and empirically supported framework for strategic intervention. The model serves as a valuable tool for guiding resource allocation, curriculum planning, and teacher development efforts aimed at improving literacy outcomes in an inclusive and sustainable manner. © 2025 The Author
Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
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