Laila Rahmawati, Reza Ruhbani Amarulloh, Muhammad Hadi Al Aziz, Baiq Fatonah, Dwi Nanto, Ferry Budhi Susetyo
21st-century learning equips students with essential competencies to navigate global challenges, emphasizing literacy, technology, and science process skills. Wave-related physics topics are often perceived as less interactive due to the minimal use of supporting media. However, integrating the Levels of Inquiry (LOI) model with online simulations can enhance engagement and improve student learning outcomes. The LOI model employs tiered instructional stages, transitioning from guided inquiry to free inquiry, allowing students to progressively develop conceptual understanding and science process skills through exploration, experimentation, and data analysis. This quasi-experimental study, employing a non-equivalent control group design, involved 52 students selected through purposive sampling, with 24 students in the control class (XI.2) and 28 in the experimental class (XI.3). The findings indicate that students in the experimental group, who engaged with the LOI model and online simulations, demonstrated significantly higher science process skills compared to the control group. The experimental class achieved an average post-test score of 75.03, whereas the control class scored 50.19. The N-Gain test results showed a moderate improvement (0.51) for the experimental class, while the control class exhibited a low gain (0.1). These results suggest that the LOI model, when combined with online simulations, is an effective pedagogical approach for fostering science process skills in sound wave learning, promoting deeper conceptual understanding and inquiry-based learning experiences in physics education. © 2026 Author(s)
Departement of Physics Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Banten, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia; Departement of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
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