Fildzah Adany, Sugeng Priyanto, Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti, Maja Pranata Marbun, Muhammad Ilyas Zainul Furqon, Amalia Kurnia Amin, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Abdul Aziz, Reva Edra Nugraha, Sudibyo Sudibyo, Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo Ndruru, Dicky Annas, Indri Yati, Anny Sulaswatty, Muhammad Nur Khoiru Wihadi, Robertus Wahyu N Nugroho, Muhammad Al Muttaqii
The investigation of the transesterification process of castor oil using γ-Al2O3 and Co-Zn catalysts supported by γ-Al2O3 was carried out with the assistance of ultrasonic waves. The amplitude was measured at 37 % and 66 % for a duration of 10 min during the reaction. According to the study's findings, castor oil can be transesterified using ultrasonic waves to produce biodiesel or FAME with the inclusion of different catalysts. The amplitude of the ultrasonic waves significantly affects the production of biodiesel. The highest FAME product yield (89.84 %) was obtained with a Co-Zn/γ-Al2O3 5 % (1:1) catalyst at an amplitude of 66 %. The most abundant FAME compound identified was 9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-methyl ester, accounting for 73.46 % of the total area. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN-Indonesia), South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Jakarta, East Jakarta, 13220, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Industrial, Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Surabaya, 60117, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sunan Bonang University, Tuban, 62314, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, University of Jenderal Soedirman, Central Jawa, 53122, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, University of Sriwijaya, South Sumatera, 30662, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, East Java, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia; Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN-Indonesia), South Lampung, 35361, Indonesia; Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
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