Muhammad Nurtanto, Priangga Pratama Putra Hariyanto, Hamid Ramadhan Nur, Farid Mutohhari, Sugiyarto, Edy Ismail
Experimental and simulation studies on the use of water injection in diesel engines have been widely discussed and are considered effective in enhancing performance and reducing emissions. However, the categorization of water injection types and their impact on engine performance and emissions in diesel engines has not been comprehensively identified. This study reviews articles from 1958 to 2024, excluding review documents, notes, and errata. A total of 204 papers were selected for analysis using VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, and content analysis. The review reveals that most documents focus on experimental and simulation studies. The three main themes - Direct Water Injection (DWI), Emulsion Injection, and Intake Manifold Water Injection (IMWI) - are the most extensively discussed, with Emulsion and IMWI being preferred due to their minimal engine modification requirements. These three techniques can significantly improve engine performance, increasing Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by 10-15% and reducing Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) by 5-10%. Additionally, they effectively lower harmful emissions by up to 60% in NOx, approximately 25% in Particulate Matter (PM), and 10-20% in CO and CO2 emissions. Emulsion injection, particularly in direct-injection diesel engines, has improved BTE while reducing BSFC and exhaust emissions. However, the complexity and potential risks associated with direct injection and the lower effectiveness of intake manifold injection make emulsion injection the preferred choice in many cases. © 2025 Author(s).
Department of Vocational and Technology Education, Jakarta State University, East Jakarta City, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Jakarta State University, East Jakarta City, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jakarta State Polytechnic, Demak, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, University of Sarjanawiyata, Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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